Factors for Stress and Anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:Risk Factors Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following: * An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship). * Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event (such as an automobile accident). * Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease. People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors: * Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities (反常) in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress. * Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events. * Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin (血清素) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.) * Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress. * The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.Childhood Factors Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility tostress. Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child’s infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant’s mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social, Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children’s behavior. Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.Work and Stress In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard. Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi. Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly 150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only 6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally. In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions: * Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off. * Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home. * Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks. * Learn to focus on positive outcomes. * If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company. * If this isn’t possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time. It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports. Caregiving Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress. Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers. Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally. Anxiety Disorders People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety.Lacking a Social Network The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向) one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress. Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in which ______. A. two persons with different characteristics work togetherB. a person always recalls past painful experienceC. a person has just gotten over a serious physical diseaseD. parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing

A.abundant B.characters municating D.desire E.diversity F.escape G.establishing H.naturally I.properly J.respect K.widenA book-less life is an incomplete life.Books influence the depth and breadth of life.They meet the natural(1)______ for freedom,for expression,for creativity and beauty of life.Learners,therefore,must have book,and the right type of book,for the satisfaction of their need.Readers turn(2)______to books because their curiosity concerning all manners of things,their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to(3)______ from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for the mind and the spirit.Through their reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now.They are presented with a(4)______of human experiences and come to (5)______other ways of thought and living.And while(6)______their own relationships and responses to life,the readers often find that the (7)______ in their stories are going through similar adjustments,which help to clarify and give significance to their own. Books provide(8)______ material for readers imagination to grow.Imagination is a valuable quality and a motivating power,and stimulates achievement.While enriching their imagination,book(9)______ their outlook,develop a fact-finding attitude and train them to use leisure(10)______.The social and educational significance of the readers' books cannot be overestimated in an academic library.

Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions below. identification prominent comprise essentialmere diverse make up one's mind （1）A meal in China typically consists of two parts main food（rice，noodles，or steamed buns），and accompanying dishes（vegetables，fish，meat，or other items）. ____ （2）For many people，delicate food is extremely important for everyday life. ____ （3）Now that she's living in China，she's decided to learn to make spring rolls（春卷） at home. ____ （4）Local people in Guilin have Guilin rice noodles（桂林米粉） not as just breakfast，but also for lunch or dinner. ____ （5）People keep culinary customs years after they migrate（移民），which shows the importance of basic foods as an element of cultural recognition. ____ （6）Sichuan hotpot is outstanding for its spicy flavor，resulting from a special seasoning Sichuan pepper（花椒）. ____ （7）Travelers in Wuhan can be satisfied by the various choices in street food. ____

arrangement attempt complaint contribution excuse meal mess preparation sense suggestion Jim,Remember I promised to keep in touch? Well, I have tried to contact you several times ,but without success.Did you hear that Jennie and Tim have decided to hold a party for Dad’s birthday? They are making 1) _______now . Jennie will help make hotel 2) _______for us . Tim has even promised to make a delicious 3)_________for the party. This summer when I left home for college,I made such a terrible 4) ________in my room! Believe it or not,I can even hear Mom making quiet 5) _______,”How could you?”in my dream.How was Dad when you were back home？ Last time when he saw me he made several 6) ________to get out of his chair. I hugged him tightly . When I felt his delicate,paper-thin skin, tears spilled from my eyes . . .I think it does make 7)_______to hold a small gathering on Dad’s birthday. So,please come on, do not let us down . You are not thinking of making 8) ________ ,are you? Please don’t . Remember to bring your girlfriend with you as Mom is always anxious about that.Jim, please make some 9)_______about their plan. That will be the greatest 10)______you make to our party!For more details,get in touch with Jennie and Tim.Love,Connie

Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box. Change the form where necessary. affluent apply discard exert financial insurance loan modest overdue panic psychological scholarship supposedly vehicle be about to break up make it to one's delight use up 1 The college ran into _ difficulties because of improper management of its funds. 2 The government will _ every effort to assist its residents in the flood areas.

( be open to, on behalf of, try out, stand to, compete against, out of reach )1 It is said that the young generation _ communication through social media.2 John hopes to _ his new running shoes this weekend to mark a new lifestyle.3. _ my generation, I'd like to publicly thank the younger generation for embracing mobile technology.4.Small business owners with debt problems _ lose financially if the new law is introduced.5.Experienced nurses can easily _ a green hand in the job market because of their work and life experience.6.Rising prices have put an ordinary house _ of many buyers.

4、 The world is like a mirror: _at it and it_at you . 5、 Video from security camera footage overlooking the driveway where the victim was shot appeared to contradict(与……相矛盾) _McManus' statement . 6、A basic understanding of mathematics is needed to explain a wide variety of natural_.7、They are doing a research project to_the harmful effects of air pollution in the city . 8、As for Laura and me,the colour of our skin has never_. either in the workplace or on social occasions . 9、A large crowd of reporters gathered outside the building to_the decision of the court . 10、She is not considered an outstanding student .But _she has surprised her parents with her excellent performance . 11、The World Trade Organization was established to_trade among its member states .12、We are here to discuss how to proceed with our investigation . What you are saying is not_. 13、For the experiment to be_ , it is essential to record all data accurately .14、Hard work can often_a lack of intelligence . 15 To reduce our_on foreign technology, we must invest more in research and development.