A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to over crowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a break down in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding. The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers’ care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not-behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased, pathological. The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behaviour showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding. Nondominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior, Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other nondominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other. The behaviour of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun’s experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders. overpopulation Calhoun’ s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.Calhoun stabilized the rat population（） A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosure D.All of the above are correct

To eat well and still save money, people should buy fresh food and cook it themselves.A、A. Why do so many Americans eat tons of processed food, the stuff that is correctly called junk(垃圾) and should really carry warning labels?B、B. It's not because fresh ingredients are hard to come by. Supermarkets offer more variety than ever, and there are over four times as many farmers' markets in the US as there were 20 years ago. Nor is it for lack of available information. There are plenty of recipes(食谱), how-to videos and cooking classes available to anyone who has a computer, smartphone or television. If anything, the information is overwhelming.C、C. And yet we aren't cooking. If you eat three meals a day and behave like most Americans, you probably get at least a third of your daily calories(卡路里) outside the home. Nearly two-thirds of us grab fast food once a week, and we get almost 25% of our daily calories from snacks. So we're eating out or taking in, and we don't sit down — or we do, but we hurry.D、D. Shouldn't preparing — and consuming — food be a source of comfort, pride, health, well-being, relaxation, sociability? Something that connects us to other humans? Why would we want to outsource(外包) this basic task, especially when outsourcing it is so harmful?E、E. When I talk about cooking, I'm not talking about creating elaborate dinner parties or three-day science projects. I'm talking about simple, easy, everyday meals. My mission is to encourage green hands and those lacking time or money to feed themselves. That means we need modest, realistic expectations, and we need to teach people to cook food that's good enough to share with family and friends.

40. Jack and I were riding in the back of a long black car, insulated from the heat and dust as it followed an empty road through a ______ desert landscape.A. radiantB. robustC. boundD. barren

(3.0分)Love for all living things in the world and_for their state of being can often be found in ancient works of arts and literature.

The ______ noise from the construction site made it impossible to concentrate.A. temporaryB. perpetualC. occasionalD. trivial

21.A. It is believed to remain basically constant.B. It is a prerequisite for any mental activity.C. It is conducive to relieving mental exhaustion.D. It is thought to be related to food consumption.

(2.0分)Laozi is a book on the_and_ ,which has played an important role in Chinese culture . A nature and human B parents and children C water and life D way and virtue

(2012 惠州第三次调研, D) 体裁: 议论文　词数: 362A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat population was allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring(后代) that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding. The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers" care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased, pathological(病态的). The dominant(占支配地位的) males in the rat population were the least affected by over population. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding. Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other. The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun" s experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun" s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments. 1. Calhoun stabilized the rat population　　　. A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress B. by removing young ratsC. so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. so that it wouldn" t be so crowded in the enclosure2. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Para. 1? A. Calhoun" s experiment was considered important then. B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat population. C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding. D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before. 3. When they were in overpopulated communities, mother rats　　　. A. had terrible diseasesB. fought against male ratsC. behaved abnormallyD. died soon4. The author implies that the behavior of the dominant male rats is sometimes parallel with that of　　　. A. cruel, powerful people B. people who abandon their childrenC. hyperactive people D. people who would like to keep to themselves5. The author intends to tell us that　　　. A. rats are affected by overcrowding, but people are notB. overcrowding may be an important cause of social pathologyC. the social behavior of rats is seriously affected by pathologyD. Calhoun" s experiments have influenced many people

2. As early as the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese began to ________ a great deal of effort on science, technology and education.A. expelB. expandC. expendD. expatiate