Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the 265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate（复制）or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.The problem is not just what happens after publication—scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research—attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.Reproducing other scientists' analysesor replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of "me-too" derision（嘲笑）that would waste resources—but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost—even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious（伪造的）results, eaten by termites（白蚁）.There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant（positive）but non-replicable results. Revising the present incentive（激励）structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.1What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.2Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph2?A. high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.B. patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor's advice.C. marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.D. drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.3Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.D. Rewards should be given only to those non replicable findings.4The purpose of this article is to _{} .A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiencyB. explain the result of a recent scientific studyC. introduce some recent progress in medical researchD. highlight the possible problems of research studies.

If you work hard enough, you will_in this competition. A. get ahead B. get hold C. work on D. work out

Section C-|||-Directions: Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.-|||-Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.-|||-A.Follow other people`s path-|||-B.Believe in overnight success..-|||-C.No one else has the perfect answers for your life.-|||-D.If you have dreams,it`s your responsibility to make them happen. -|||-E.Your dream may be big and that might make it seem overwhelming.-|||-F.But achieving a dream is a momentary sensation,and your life is not.-|||-I dedicated the past two years to understanding how people achieve their dreams.When we-|||-think about the dreams we have,and the dent we want to leave in the universe,it is striking to seeSection C-|||-Directions: Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.-|||-Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.-|||-A.Follow other people`s path-|||-B.Believe in overnight success..-|||-C.No one else has the perfect answers for your life.-|||-D.If you have dreams,it`s your responsibility to make them happen. -|||-E.Your dream may be big and that might make it seem overwhelming.-|||-F.But achieving a dream is a momentary sensation,and your life is not.-|||-I dedicated the past two years to understanding how people achieve their dreams.When we-|||-think about the dreams we have,and the dent we want to leave in the universe,it is striking to seeSection C-|||-Directions: Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.-|||-Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.-|||-A.Follow other people`s path-|||-B.Believe in overnight success..-|||-C.No one else has the perfect answers for your life.-|||-D.If you have dreams,it`s your responsibility to make them happen. -|||-E.Your dream may be big and that might make it seem overwhelming.-|||-F.But achieving a dream is a momentary sensation,and your life is not.-|||-I dedicated the past two years to understanding how people achieve their dreams.When we-|||-think about the dreams we have,and the dent we want to leave in the universe,it is striking to seeSection C-|||-Directions: Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.-|||-Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.-|||-A.Follow other people`s path-|||-B.Believe in overnight success..-|||-C.No one else has the perfect answers for your life.-|||-D.If you have dreams,it`s your responsibility to make them happen. -|||-E.Your dream may be big and that might make it seem overwhelming.-|||-F.But achieving a dream is a momentary sensation,and your life is not.-|||-I dedicated the past two years to understanding how people achieve their dreams.When we-|||-think about the dreams we have,and the dent we want to leave in the universe,it is striking to see

I just wonder if ( )ever( )that you could have your own enterprise and run it yourself when you were still a student.A. it...occurredB. you...occurred to itC. it...occurred to youD. you...occurred

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER ISHEET 1. The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) this is largely because, (2) animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) , we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) human smells even when these are. (8) to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate. (10) smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it (14) to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) new receptors if necessary. This may (16) explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells--we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.2() A．above B．unlike C．excluding D．besides

_ and disorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East.A. ContemptB. ConfusionC. ConferenceD. Conjunction

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:-|||-The kids are hanging out.I pass small bands of once-and future students on my way to work-|||-these summer mornings.-|||-These kids are not old enough for jobs.Nor are they rich enough for camp.They are school-|||-children without school.The calendar(年历)called the school year ran out on them a few weeks-|||-ago.Once looked after by teachers and headmasters,they now appear to be in"self care."-|||-For much of our history,however,Americans framed the school year around the needs of-|||-work and family.In 19th-century cities,schools were open seven or eight hours a day,11months a-|||-year.In rural America,the year was arranged around the growing seasons.Now,only 3 percent of-|||-families follow the agricultural model,but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went-|||-home early to milk cows and took months off to work the crops.Now,three quarters of the mothers-|||-of school-age children work,but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school-|||-bus.-|||-The six-hour day,the 180-day school year is regarded as somehow sacred(神圣的).But when-|||-parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year,it means something different.It means that many-|||-kids go home to empty houses.It means that,in the summer,they hang out.-|||-"We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realities of family life,"says-|||-educator Dr.Ernest Boyer.-|||-Dr.Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is necessary.-|||-"School,whether we like it or not,is custodial (监管的)and educational.It always has been."-|||-26.In speaking of" "once-and-future students",the author is referring to __ _.-|||-A)kids too young to take a job-|||-B)school children old enough to take care of themselves-|||-C)kids who cannot afford to go camping-|||-D)school children on summer vacation-|||-27.For a long time in American history,the school year was arranged to meet the needs of __-|||-A)school children-|||-B) working parents-|||-C)farm hands-|||-D)teachers and headmasters-|||-28.By"a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realities of family life",Dr.Boyer-|||-means the school calendar __-|||-A)is much shorter than parents'working days-|||-B)makes it impossible for parents to live a normal life-|||-C)allows children to hang out instead of helping their parents-|||-D)is set on the agricultural model-|||-29.From the passage we can learn that Dr.Boyer believes school should educate children a-|||-__-|||-A)motivate them-|||-B)entertain them-|||-C)take care of them-|||-D)help their parents-|||-30.The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to drive home the point that __ _.-|||-A)American children must stop hanging out-|||-B)US kids need more school time-|||-C)the advantages of a longer school year outweigh its disadvantages-|||-D)parents are not happy about the present school calendar-|||-Directions: There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or-|||-unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and-|||-D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the-|||-Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Amid all the job losses, there’s one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs. Automation isn’t just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers. “Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by mirs,” says economics professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning we’re producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation. Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automation might use fewer workers, but that’s still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas. It’s not that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are. It’s that they’re better. “In some cases the quality requirements are so exacting that even if you wanted to have a human do the job, you couldn’t,” Bumstein says. Same goes for surgeons, who’re using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operations—not because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet. Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital might not be so lucky, as iRobot, maker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner, has been showing off Ava, which could be used as a messenger in a hospital. And once you’re home, recovering, Ava could let you talk to your doctor, so there’s no need to send someone to your house. That “mobile telepresence” could be useful at the office. If you’re away on a trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing software, so your face appears on Ava’s screen. Is any job safe? I was hoping to say “journalist,” but researchers are already developing software that can gather facts and write a news story. Which means that a few years from now, a robot could be writing this column. And who will read it? Well, there might be a lot of us hanging around with lots of free time on our hands. 1 What do we learn from the first few paragraphs? A The over-use of robots has done damage to American economy. B It is hard for robots to replace humans in highly professional work. C Artificial intelligence is the key to future technological innovations. D The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession. 2 What caused the greatest loss of jobs in America? A Using mirs extensively. B Moving production to other countries. C The bankruptcy of many companies. D The invasion of migrant workers. 3 What does Jeff Burnstein say about robots? A They help companies to revive. B They are cheaper than humans. C They prevent job losses in a way. D They compete with human workers. 4 Why are robotic systems replacing surgeons in more and more operations according to Dr. Myriam Curet? A They save lots of money for the patients. B They beat humans in precision. C They take less time to perform a surgery. D They make operations less painful. 5 What does the author imply about robotics? A It will greatly enrich literary creation. B It will start a new technological revolution. C It will revolutionize scientific research. D It will be applied in any field imaginable.

Desertification (沙漠化) in the dry United States is very serious. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping rapidly. Many river systems have dried up. Hundreds of thousands of acres of previously irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroded at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing (过度放牧). All told, about 225 million acres of land are under severe desertification. Federal subsidies (补贴) encourage the exploitation of dry land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers and industry to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity program encourage dry-land farmers to plow up natural grassland to plant crops such as wheat, especially, cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage over-grazing of the commons. The market, too, provides powerful incentives (激励) to exploit dry land resources beyond their carrying capacity. The incentives to exploit dry land resources are greater than ever. The government is now offering huge new subsidies to produce synthetic fuel from coal oil as well as alcohol fuel from crops. Moreover, commodity prices are on the rise; and they will provide farmers and agricultural businesses with powerful incentives to overexploit arid land resources. The existing federal government cost-share programs designed to help finance the conservation as soil, water, and vegetation are pale in comparison to such incentives. In the final analysis, when viewed in the national perspective, the effects on agriculture are the most troublesome aspect of desertification in the US. For it comes at a time when we are losing over a million acres of rain-watered crop and grass land per year to higher uses—shopping centers, industrial parks, housing development, and waste dump—regardless of the economic need of the US to export agricultural products or of the world’s need for US food and fiber. Today the dry West accounts for 20 percent of the nation’s total agricultural output. If the US is, as it appears, well in its way toward overdrawing the dry land resources, then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay for later when productive benefits from arid land resources have been both realized and largely terminated.1 Which of the following is mentioned as a result of severe desertification?A The decline of forest coverage.B The lack of water supplies.C A decrease of crop production.D A sharp increase of farmland.2 From the second paragraph we can learn that ____ .A low-interest loans encourage farmers to purify groundwaterB low federal grazing fees are helpful in protecting the commonsC the government offers huge subsidies to produce synthetic fuelD the government encourages the exploitation of dry land resources3 What can we learn about the existing federal government cost-share programs?A Farmers have to pay a lot of money for them.B Their main purpose is to develop economy.C The government pays insufficient attention to them.D Vegetation plays an important part in soil conservation.4 The higher uses of rain-watered crop and grass land are criticized because ____ .A America and the world need the land for agricultural productionB industrial parks and waste dumps seriously pollute the environmentC Americans need many shopping centers and apartmentsD they bring about a large amount of waste of resources5 What can we learn about the policy choice?A It’s the best way to solve desertification in America.B It’s a simple task that America is undertaking now.C It will bring a lot of benefit to America in the future.D It’s costly to solve desertification in America.